william hill horse racing tips & betting guide

Horse racing is one of the most thrilling and unpredictable sports to bet on. With William Hill, one of the leading betting platforms, you can enhance your betting experience with expert tips and a comprehensive guide. This article will walk you through the essential aspects of horse racing betting, providing you with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions. Understanding Horse Racing Basics Before diving into betting tips, it’s crucial to understand the basics of horse racing.

  • Lucky Ace Palace
    new
    Luck&Luxury100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Cash King Palace
    Royal Wins100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Starlight Betting Lounge
    Celestial Bet100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Golden Spin Casino
    Luxury Play100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Silver Fox Slots
    Elegance+Fun100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Spin Palace Casino
    Win Big Now100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Royal Fortune Gaming
    Opulence & Thrills100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Diamond Crown Casino
    Opulence & Fun100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Lucky Ace Casino
    Luck&Luxury100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more
  • Royal Flush Lounge
    Opulent Play100% / $1500
    Casino popularity:
    Collecting more data...
    Payment methods
    • Mifinity
    • Google Pay
    • PIX
    • EcoPayz
    • Neteller
    • Apple Pay
    • Visa
    • Sofort
    • Interac
    • Wagering: 35 x (b)
    • Withdrawal time: 1 days
    • Minimum deposit to casino: $30
    • Bonus max bet: $5
    • Established: 2024
    • Free Spins: 200
    • 1st Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT22nd Deposit Bonus:100% / $1500 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT33rd Deposit Bonus:75% / $3000 + 75 Free Spins
    • Bonus code: FRUIT44th Deposit Bonus:50% / $4500 + 200 Free Spins
    • Leading selection of slots
    • VISA casino site
    • HD streaming casino games
    • Newly unveiled casino
    • Signup offer now available
    • Mr. Gamble special bonuses
    Show more

william hill horse racing tips & betting guide

Horse racing is one of the most thrilling and unpredictable sports to bet on. With William Hill, one of the leading betting platforms, you can enhance your betting experience with expert tips and a comprehensive guide. This article will walk you through the essential aspects of horse racing betting, providing you with the knowledge and tools to make informed decisions.

Understanding Horse Racing Basics

Before diving into betting tips, it’s crucial to understand the basics of horse racing.

Types of Races

  • Flat Racing: Races over a level track, typically shorter distances.
  • Jump Racing: Also known as National Hunt racing, includes hurdles and steeplechases.
  • Harness Racing: Horses pull a sulky with a driver.

Key Terms

  • Furlong: A unit of distance, equivalent to 18 of a mile.
  • Handicap: A system to equalize the chances of horses by assigning weights.
  • Odds: The probability of a horse winning, expressed in ratios.

William Hill Horse Racing Betting Options

William Hill offers a variety of betting options to suit different strategies and risk levels.

Common Bet Types

  • Win: Bet on a horse to finish first.
  • Place: Bet on a horse to finish in the top few positions.
  • Each-Way: A combination of win and place bets.
  • Exacta: Predict the first two horses in the correct order.
  • Trifecta: Predict the first three horses in the correct order.

Special Bets

  • Accumulator: Combines multiple selections into one bet.
  • Trixie: A combination of three selections in multiple bets.
  • Yankee: A combination of four selections in multiple bets.

William Hill Horse Racing Tips

To increase your chances of winning, consider these expert tips.

Research and Analysis

  • Form Guide: Study the recent performance of horses.
  • Jockey and Trainer: Look at the track record of jockeys and trainers.
  • Track Conditions: Consider the weather and track conditions.

Bankroll Management

  • Set a Budget: Determine how much you can afford to lose.
  • Avoid Chasing Losses: Stick to your budget and avoid impulsive bets.
  • Diversify Bets: Spread your bets across different races and types.

Utilize William Hill Resources

  • Live Streaming: Watch races live to make informed decisions.
  • Expert Tips: Leverage expert analysis and tips available on the platform.
  • Promotions and Offers: Take advantage of bonuses and promotions.

William Hill provides a robust platform for horse racing enthusiasts, offering a wide range of betting options and valuable resources. By understanding the basics, utilizing expert tips, and managing your bankroll effectively, you can enhance your betting experience and increase your chances of success. Whether you’re a seasoned bettor or a beginner, William Hill is your go-to platform for horse racing betting.

william hill horse racing: betting tips & race predictions

Horse racing is one of the most thrilling and unpredictable sports to bet on. With William Hill, one of the leading betting platforms, you can enhance your betting experience with expert tips and race predictions. This article will guide you through some essential betting tips and how to leverage William Hill’s resources for better race predictions.

Why Choose William Hill for Horse Racing?

William Hill is a trusted name in the betting industry, offering a comprehensive range of services for horse racing enthusiasts. Here’s why you should consider William Hill for your horse racing bets:

  • Extensive Coverage: William Hill covers a wide range of horse racing events, from local races to prestigious international competitions.
  • User-Friendly Platform: The website and mobile app are designed for ease of use, making it simple to place bets and track your selections.
  • Expert Analysis: Access to expert tips, race previews, and statistical data to help you make informed betting decisions.
  • Competitive Odds: William Hill offers competitive odds, ensuring you get the best value for your bets.

Essential Betting Tips for Horse Racing

Before diving into race predictions, it’s crucial to understand some fundamental betting tips that can improve your chances of success.

1. Research the Horses and Jockeys

  • Form Guide: Study the form guide to understand the recent performance of the horses and jockeys.
  • Track Record: Look at the horse’s past performances on the specific track and under similar conditions.
  • Jockey Experience: Consider the jockey’s experience and their history with the horse.

2. Understand the Race Conditions

  • Track Conditions: Different tracks have varying conditions (firm, soft, heavy). Horses perform differently under these conditions.
  • Distance: Ensure the horse has a good record over the race distance.
  • Weather: Weather can significantly impact a horse’s performance. Check the forecast before placing your bet.

3. Use Statistical Data

  • Odds and Probabilities: Understand the odds and convert them into probabilities to assess the value of your bet.
  • Historical Data: Analyze historical data to identify trends and patterns.

4. Manage Your Bankroll

  • Set a Budget: Determine how much you are willing to spend and stick to it.
  • Avoid Chasing Losses: Don’t increase your bets to recover losses. This can lead to bigger losses.

Leveraging William Hill for Race Predictions

William Hill offers several tools and resources to help you make more accurate race predictions.

1. Expert Tips and Analysis

  • Daily Tips: William Hill provides daily tips from expert analysts. These tips can give you insights into potential winners.
  • Race Previews: Detailed race previews offer in-depth analysis of the horses, jockeys, and race conditions.

2. Live Streaming and Updates

  • Live Streaming: Watch races live on William Hill’s platform to see how the horses perform in real-time.
  • Live Updates: Get live updates on the race progress, including positions and timings.

3. Betting Tools and Features

  • Bet Calculator: Use the bet calculator to determine potential returns for different types of bets.
  • Multi-Bet Options: Explore multi-bet options like accumulators and doubles to increase your potential winnings.

William Hill offers a robust platform for horse racing enthusiasts, providing extensive coverage, expert analysis, and user-friendly tools. By following essential betting tips and leveraging William Hill’s resources, you can enhance your race predictions and improve your betting success. Whether you’re a seasoned punter or a beginner, William Hill has something to offer for everyone.

william hill horse racing betting: expert tips & live odds

Horse racing is one of the most thrilling and unpredictable sports to bet on, and William Hill stands out as a premier platform for horse racing enthusiasts. Whether you’re a seasoned punter or a newcomer to the world of horse racing betting, William Hill offers a comprehensive experience with expert tips and live odds. Here’s how you can maximize your betting experience with William Hill.

Understanding William Hill’s Horse Racing Betting Platform

William Hill is renowned for its extensive coverage of horse racing events worldwide. The platform offers:

  • Wide Range of Markets: From major races like the Grand National and the Kentucky Derby to local meets, William Hill covers it all.
  • Live Betting: Place bets as the race unfolds with live odds that update in real-time.
  • Comprehensive Racecards: Detailed information on horses, jockeys, and trainers to help you make informed decisions.

Expert Tips for Successful Horse Racing Betting

1. Research and Analysis

  • Form Guide: Study the form guide to understand the recent performance of horses, jockeys, and trainers.
  • Track Conditions: Consider the track conditions, as they can significantly impact a horse’s performance.
  • Head-to-Head Records: Look at head-to-head records between horses and jockeys to identify potential favorites.

2. Utilize William Hill’s Resources

  • Expert Insights: William Hill provides expert analysis and tips from seasoned professionals.
  • Racecards and Statistics: Use the detailed racecards and statistical data to gain insights into each horse’s performance.

3. Bankroll Management

  • Set a Budget: Always bet within your means. Set a budget for each race and stick to it.
  • Avoid Chasing Losses: If you lose, don’t try to recover your losses by betting more. Stay disciplined.

4. Understand Bet Types

  • Win Bets: Bet on a horse to win the race.
  • Each-Way Bets: A combination of win and place bets, offering a payout if your horse finishes in the top positions.
  • Exotic Bets: Such as Exactas, Trifectas, and Superfectas, where you predict the exact order of finish for multiple horses.

Live Odds: The Heartbeat of Horse Racing Betting

1. Real-Time Updates

  • Dynamic Odds: Live odds change based on the race’s progress, providing opportunities for strategic betting.
  • In-Play Betting: Place bets while the race is ongoing, taking advantage of fluctuating odds.

2. Strategic Betting with Live Odds

  • Early Favorites: Sometimes, early favorites may drift in the odds as the race progresses. Look for value in these situations.
  • Late Surges: Keep an eye on horses making late surges. Their odds may shorten, offering potential for higher returns.

3. Stay Informed

  • Live Commentary: William Hill often provides live commentary, helping you stay updated on the race’s progress.
  • Visual Feeds: Some events offer live visual feeds, allowing you to watch the race unfold in real-time.

William Hill’s horse racing betting platform is a treasure trove for enthusiasts, offering a blend of expert tips, comprehensive racecards, and live odds. By leveraging these resources and following expert tips, you can enhance your betting experience and increase your chances of success. Whether you’re betting on the Grand National or a local meet, William Hill ensures you have all the tools and information you need to make informed decisions.

william hill horses

Introduction to William Hill

William Hill is one of the most renowned names in the world of sports betting, with a particular emphasis on horse racing. Established in 1934, William Hill has grown to become a global leader in online betting, offering a wide range of services including sports betting, casino games, and, of course, horse racing.

Why Choose William Hill for Horse Racing?

Extensive Market Coverage

  • Global Races: William Hill covers horse races from around the world, including the UK, Ireland, USA, Australia, and more.
  • Multiple Bet Types: From simple win bets to complex exotic wagers like Exactas, Trifectas, and Superfectas, William Hill offers a variety of betting options.

Competitive Odds

  • Best Odds Guaranteed: William Hill offers Best Odds Guaranteed on UK and Irish horse races, ensuring you get the best possible price.
  • Enhanced Odds: Regular promotions and enhanced odds are available, providing extra value for your bets.

User-Friendly Platform

  • Mobile App: The William Hill mobile app is highly rated and allows you to place bets on the go.
  • Website Interface: The website is easy to navigate, with a clean and intuitive design.

Key Features of William Hill Horse Racing

Live Streaming

  • Watch Races Online: William Hill offers live streaming of many horse races, allowing you to watch the action unfold in real-time.
  • Multi-Screen Viewing: Watch multiple races simultaneously, enhancing your betting experience.

In-Play Betting

  • Live Odds: Bet on races as they are happening with constantly updated odds.
  • Dynamic Markets: In-play betting offers a range of markets, including race winner, place, and more.

Expert Analysis and Tips

  • Form Guides: Detailed form guides and past performance data to help you make informed decisions.
  • Expert Tips: Access to expert analysis and tips from seasoned horse racing professionals.

How to Get Started with William Hill Horses

Step-by-Step Guide

  1. Create an Account: Sign up on the William Hill website or mobile app.
  2. Deposit Funds: Use various payment methods to deposit funds into your account.
  3. Explore Markets: Browse through the extensive list of horse racing markets.
  4. Place Your Bet: Select your bet type, enter your stake, and confirm your bet.
  5. Monitor Your Bets: Use the live streaming and in-play features to keep track of your bets.

Promotions and Bonuses

Welcome Offers

  • Sign-Up Bonus: New users can take advantage of welcome bonuses, which often include free bets.
  • Deposit Matches: Some promotions offer deposit matches, doubling your initial deposit.

Ongoing Promotions

  • Price Boosts: Regular price boosts on selected races and horses.
  • Free Bets: Earn free bets through loyalty programs and special promotions.

Customer Support

247 Assistance

  • Live Chat: Instant support through live chat.
  • Email and Phone: Contact customer service via email or phone for more detailed inquiries.

Help Center

  • FAQs: Comprehensive FAQ section covering common queries.
  • Guides and Tutorials: Step-by-step guides and tutorials to help you navigate the platform.

William Hill offers a comprehensive and user-friendly platform for horse racing enthusiasts. With extensive market coverage, competitive odds, and a range of features like live streaming and in-play betting, it is a top choice for both novice and experienced bettors. Whether you are looking to place a simple bet or engage in more complex wagers, William Hill provides the tools and resources to enhance your horse racing betting experience.

Frequently Questions

How can I get expert guide on William Hill horse racing betting tips and odds?

To get expert guidance on William Hill horse racing betting tips and odds, start by visiting William Hill's official website, where you can find detailed analysis and predictions. Follow renowned horse racing analysts on social media platforms like Twitter and YouTube for real-time insights. Subscribe to horse racing newsletters and forums where experts share their strategies and odds analysis. Utilize betting apps that offer expert tips and odds comparison features. Lastly, consider joining a horse racing betting community or club where you can exchange tips and learn from experienced bettors. Combining these resources will provide a comprehensive approach to understanding and leveraging William Hill's horse racing betting tips and odds.

What are today's horse racing cards with expert tips and predictions?

Stay updated with today's horse racing cards and expert tips for informed betting. Leading platforms like Racing Post and Timeform offer detailed racecards, including horse form, jockey stats, and track conditions. For predictions, follow renowned tipsters such as Nicky Henderson and Paul Nicholls, whose insights are invaluable. Additionally, betting apps like Betfair and William Hill provide real-time odds and expert analysis to enhance your betting strategy. Remember, while expert tips can guide you, always bet responsibly and consider your own research to make the best decisions.

 

How can I find betting tips, odds, and live streams for William Hill horse racing?

To find betting tips, odds, and live streams for William Hill horse racing, visit the official William Hill website. Navigate to the 'Horse Racing' section to access comprehensive racecards, expert tips, and real-time odds. For live streams, ensure you have a funded account or have placed a bet in the last 24 hours. Additionally, William Hill often partners with racing channels and websites that provide live streaming services. Follow their social media channels and subscribe to their newsletters for exclusive tips and updates. This direct approach ensures you get the most accurate and timely information for your horse racing bets.

How can I get today's William Hill horse racing betting tips, race schedule, and live updates?

To get today's William Hill horse racing betting tips, race schedule, and live updates, visit the official William Hill website or download their mobile app. On the homepage, navigate to the 'Horse Racing' section where you'll find expert tips, detailed race schedules, and live updates for ongoing races. For real-time updates, ensure you're logged in to access personalized content and notifications. Additionally, subscribing to their newsletter can provide you with daily insights and exclusive tips directly to your inbox. Stay informed and enhance your betting experience with William Hill's comprehensive racing resources.

What are today's horse racing cards with expert tips and predictions?

Stay updated with today's horse racing cards and expert tips for informed betting. Leading platforms like Racing Post and Timeform offer detailed racecards, including horse form, jockey stats, and track conditions. For predictions, follow renowned tipsters such as Nicky Henderson and Paul Nicholls, whose insights are invaluable. Additionally, betting apps like Betfair and William Hill provide real-time odds and expert analysis to enhance your betting strategy. Remember, while expert tips can guide you, always bet responsibly and consider your own research to make the best decisions.